种养结合模式下规模化生猪养殖碳足迹核算与减排效果分析——基于生命周期评价（LCA）方法

doi:10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2026.05.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为分析种养结合模式下规模化生猪养殖碳足迹特征及减排潜力。本研究基于生命周期评价方法，以某规模化生猪养殖企业为例，构建涵盖“饲料生产—生猪养殖—粪污处理—还田利用”全链条的碳足迹核算框架。基于实测粪便参数，采用物料衡算法计算甲烷排放；通过敏感性分析识别关键影响参数；并探讨进一步减排的途径。结果表明：案例企业生猪养殖碳足迹为1.4887 kgCO2-eq/kg活重，饲料生产、生猪养殖、粪污处理、还田利用环节贡献分别为36.5%、30.0%、24.5%和9.0%。主要得益于种养结合模式下本地化饲料供应、沼气能源回收利用以及粪污就近还田等综合措施，案例碳足迹显著低于文献典型范围（2.2～10.3 kgCO2-eq/kg活重）。敏感性分析显示饲料转化率和还田N2O排放因子是影响碳足迹的最敏感参数，优化后可降低碳足迹4%～8%。

关键词: 生猪养殖, 粪污还田, 碳足迹, 生命周期评价（LCA）, 减排潜力

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the carbon footprint characteristics and emission reduction potential of large-scale pig farming under the crop-livestock integration system. Using the life cycle assessment method, a carbon footprint accounting framework covering the whole chain of feed production, pig breeding, manure treatment, and field application was established for a large-scale commercial pig farm. Methane emissions were calculated via the material balance method based on measured manure parameters. Key influencing parameters were identified through sensitivity analysis, and further emission reduction pathways were explored.The carbon footprint of pig production at the case farm was 1.488 7 kg CO2-eq/kg live weight. Contributions from feed production, pig breeding, manure treatment, and field application were 36.5%, 30.0%, 24.5%, and 9.0%, respectively. Benefiting from integrated measures including local feed supply, biogas energy recovery, and nearby field application of manure under the crop-livestock integration model, the farm’s carbon footprint was significantly lower than the typical range reported in the literature (2.2～10.3 kg CO2-eq/kg live weight). Sensitivity analysis indicated that feed conversion ratio and N2O emission factor from field application were the most sensitive parameters, and their optimization could reduce the carbon footprint by 4%～8%.

Key words: large-scale pig farming, manure return to field, carbon footprint, Life cycle assessment (LCA), emission reduction potential

中图分类号: S828；X713

杨彦, 李强, 王鹤然. 种养结合模式下规模化生猪养殖碳足迹核算与减排效果分析——基于生命周期评价（LCA）方法[J]. 中国猪业, 2026, 21(5): 107-117.

YANG Yan, LI Qiang, WANG Heran. Carbon footprint accounting and emission reduction potential analysis of manure return-to-field models for large-scale pig farming——based on the life cycle assessment (LCA)[J]. China Swine Industry, 2026, 21(5): 107-117.

参考文献

[1] 联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）. 畜牧业的巨大阴影: 环境问题与选择[M]. 黄佳琦, 朱增勇, 赵伟, 等译. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options[M]. Translated by HUANG J Q, ZHU Z Y, ZHAO W, et al. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2020. [2] MONTEIRO A N T R, WILFART A, UTZERI V J, et al. Environmental impacts of pig production systems using European local breeds: the contribution of carbon sequestration and emissions from grazing[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 237: 117843. [3] GROSSI G, GOGLIO P, VITALI A, et al. Livestock and climate change: impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies[J]. Animal Frontiers, 2019, 9(1): 69-76. [4] DAI X W, SUN Z L, Daniel M. Driving factors of direct greenhouse gas emissions from China’s pig industry from 1976 to 2016[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(1): 319-329. [5] ANDRETTA I, HAUSCHILD L, KIPPER M, et al. Environmental impacts of precision feeding programs applied in pig production[J]. Animal, 2018, 12(9): 1990-1998. [6] 中国城市温室气体工作组, 公众环境研究中心. 中国产品全生命周期温室气体排放系数集（CPCD 2.0）[M]. 北京: 中国环境出版集团, 2026. China Urban Greenhouse Gas Working Group, Public Environmental Research Center. China products carton footprint factors database (CPCD 2.0)[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2026. [7] Ecoinvent数据库[EB/OL]. https://www.carbonstop.com/ccdb. Ecoinvent database[DB/OL]. https://www.carbonstop.com/ccdb. [8] 生态环境部, 国家统计局, 国家能源局. 关于发布2023年电力碳足迹因子数据的公告[EB/OL]. (2025-01-21). https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202501/t20250123_1101226.html. Ministry of Ecology and Environment, National Bureau of Statistics, National Energy Administration. Announcement on the release of electricity carbon footprint factor data for 2023[EB/OL]. (2025-01-21). https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202501/t20250123_1101226.html. [9] GB/T 44903—2024, 温室气体产品碳足迹量化方法与要求畜产品[S]. GB/T 44903-2024, Greenhouse gases—Quantification methodologies and requirements for carbon footprint of products[S]. [10] 生态环境部办公厅. 关于印发《省级温室气体清单编制指南(2025年版)》的通知[EB/OL]. (2026-01-04). https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk05/202601/t20260104_1139798.html. General Office of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Notice on issuing the Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines (2025 Edition)[EB/OL]. (2026-01-04). https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk05/202601/t20260104_1139798.html. [11] 生态环境部. 大气污染物与温室气体融合排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[S]. 北京: 生态环境部, 2024. Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Technical guidelines for the compilation of integrated emission inventories of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (Trial)[S]. Beijing: MEE, 2024. [12] 徐文倩, 董红敏, 尚斌, 等. 典型畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产甲烷潜力试验与计算[J]. 农业工程学报, 2021, 37(14): 228-234. XU W Q, DONG H M, SHANG B, et al. Experiment and calculation on the biochemical methane potential of typical livestock and poultry manure in anaerobic digestion[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2021, 37(14): 228-234. [13] 周元清, 董红敏, 朱志平, 等. 生猪养殖系统碳足迹评估研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(2): 379-389. ZHOU Y Q, DONG H M, ZHU Z P, et al. Review on carbon footprint assessment of pig farming system[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2): 379-389. [14] 杨攀, 徐川辉, 王晓雨, 等. 猪、鸡规模化养殖生产过程碳排放源解析及减排路径研究[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2026, 62(1): 42-51. YANG P, XU C H, WANG X Y, et al. Analysis of carbon emission sources and reduction pathways in large-scale pig and chicken production system[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2026, 62(1): 42-51. [15] 马于清, 曹丁戈, 罗文海, 等. 基于生命周期的我国畜禽养殖业碳排放核算[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024, 44(5): 2799-2810. MA Y Q, CAO D G, LUO W H, et al. The evaluation of the livestock and poultry production of carbon emissions in China based on life cycle assessment[J]. China Environmental Science, 2024, 44(5): 2799-2810. [16] 翟郧秋, 张芊芊, 刘芳, 等. 我国畜禽养殖业碳排放研究进展[J]. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 54(3): 72-82. ZHAI Y Q, ZHANG Q Q, LIU F, et al. The progress in the research on carbon emissions from livestock and poultry breeding in China[J]. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 54(3): 72-82. [17] 朱慧敏, 武慧君, 方维鑫, 等. 巢湖流域生猪规模养殖碳氮足迹时空分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2024, 44(12): 403-414. ZHU H M, WU H J, FANG W X, et al. Spatio-temporal carbon and nitrogen footprints of large-scale pig farming in Chaohu Watershed[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2024, 44(12): 403-414. [18] 廖仁郡. 基于生命周期理论的规模化养猪场碳足迹与水足迹研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2018. LIAO R J. Carbon footprint and water footprint of scale pig farms based on life cycle theory[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2018. [19] MA Y F, LIU P, ZHANG X Y, et al. Mitigating environmental footprints via cooperation between the enterprise and specialized livestock farms in pig production[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2025, 230: 104482. [20] ZHANG L, HU X S, ZHENG X T, et al. Carbon accounting of pig manure management with a focus on China–discrepancies and recommendations[J]. Environmental Science: Advances, 2026, 5(3): 838-852. [21] 高慧, 周心晨, 韩新燕, 等. “双碳” 目标下猪产业链碳减排策略[J]. 畜牧与兽医, 2023, 55(8): 133-137. GAO H, ZHOU X C, HAN X Y, et al. Carbon emission reduction strategy of pig industry chain under the “double carbon” target[J]. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2023, 55(8): 133-137. [22] 张扬, 王璐瑶. 中国种养结合发展模式研究进展[J]. 农业科学, 2021(10): 951-956. ZHANG Y, WANG L Y. Research progress on the development mod-el of the combination of planting and breeding in China[J]. Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021(10): 951-956. [23] 吴雨清. 中国生猪养殖格局变迁与粪污资源化利用分析[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2024. WU Y Q. Analysis of changes in pig farming pattern and manure resource utilization in China[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. [24] 沈富林, 孙伟强, 许栋, 等. 种养结合型家庭农场猪粪资源化利用模式[J]. 上海畜牧兽医通讯, 2017(6):38-40. SHEN F L, SUN W Q, XU D, et al. Resource utilization model of pig manure in integrated farming and breeding family farms[J]. Shanghai Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2017(6):38-40. [25] 吴雨清, 王文赞, 朱志平. 我国生猪粪尿养分资源测算及土地承载力分析[J]. 中国猪业, 2024, 19(1): 63-72. WU Y Q, WANG W Z, ZHU Z P. Nutrient resource calculation and land carrying capacity analysis of pig manure and urine in China[J]. China Swine Industry, 2024, 19(1): 63-72. [26] 袁振兴. 种养结合模式下粪污消纳不足的应对策略[J]. 国外畜牧学(猪与禽), 2026, 46(2): 83-85. YUAN Z X. Strategies to address the shortage of manure digestion under the integrated farming and breeding model[J]. Animal Science Abroad(Pigs and Poultry), 2026, 46(2): 83-85. [27] 陈远清. 3种种养结合模式猪沼液施肥试验报告[J]. 今日养猪业, 2022(4): 66-69. CHEN Y Q. Report on the experiment of pig manure fertilization using the integrated farming and breeding model[J]. Pigs Today, 2022(4): 66-69. [28] 史晓晴, 王小兰, 徐应英, 等. 规模化生猪养殖场碳氮排放特征与减排潜力分析[J]. 家畜生态学报, 2024, 45(10): 77-85. SHI X Q, WANG X L, XU Yi Y, et al. Analysis of carbon and nitrogen emission characteristics and reduction potential of industrial pig farms[J]. Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici, 2024, 45(10): 77-85. [29] GAILLARD C, BROSSARD L, DOURMAD J Y. Improvement of feed and nutrient efficiency in pig production through precision feeding[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2020, 268: 114611. [30] POMAR C, REMUS A. Precision pig feeding: a breakthrough toward sustainability[J]. Animal Frontiers, 2019, 9(2): 52-59. [31] BERTON M, STURARO E, SCHIAVON S, et al. Biogenic and fossil main greenhouse gas emissions of dairy, beef, pig and poultry systems[J]. Animal, 2025, 19(7): 101562. [32] TUFAIL M A, NAEEM A, ARIF M S, et al. Unraveling the efficacy of nitrification inhibitors (DCD and DMPP) in reducing nitrogen gases emissions across agroecosystems: a three-decade global data synthesis (1993–2021)[J]. Fuel, 2022, 324: 124725. [33] 夏淑洁, 刘闯, 袁晓良, 等. 不同氮钾水平及氮形态差异对土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39(5): 1122-1129. XIA S J, LIU C, YUAN X L, et al. Effects of different nitrogen and potassium levels and nitrogen forms on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emissions[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2020, 39(5): 1122-1129. [34] 王子涵, 王选, 张陆, 等. 液态粪污施用过程农田氨气与温室气体排放特征及驱动因素研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2026, 34(8): 1763-1776. WANG Z H, WANG X, ZHANG L, et al. Characteristics and driving factors of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions in farmland during the application of livestock slurry[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2026, 34(8): 1763-1776. [35] 宋玲者, 闫恒普. “种养能肥”产业融合,构建循环经济体[J]. 养猪, 2017(6): 79-80. SONG L Z, YANG H P. Integrate the “planting and breeding can enrich” industry to build a circular economy[J]. Swine Production, 2017(6): 79-80.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed