Abstract: Local pig genetic resources carry core traits including unique genotypes, superior meat quality, high disease and stress resistance, and high reproductive capacity, making them the original material for independent innovation in China's pig breeding industry and an important component of agricultural biodiversity. Among the 83 local pig species currently existing in China, 15 species are in endangered status, 9 species are in critical danger, and 17 species are at risk, with some species rapidly disappearing during gaps between census periods. Conservation efforts currently faces a triple dilemma of unclear genetic information, insufficient conservation capacity, and inadequate utilization of provenance. From an interdisciplinary perspective integrating economics and genetics, this paper systematically reviewed the theoretical evolution of livestock and poultry genetic resource conservation both domestically and internationally, along with progress in census system construction and industrialization practices. It analyzed the shortcomings in China's local pig resource conservation regarding census mechanisms. The paper constructed a long-term mechanism encompassing emergency census, scientific evaluation, dynamic early warning, diversified conservation, and industrialized utilization, and proposed an implementation pathway of digitally driven industrial intelligent transformation and utilization-promoted conservation. It was recommended to based on the newly revised "National List of Protected Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources (2025)", established a census system that combines regular surveys with emergency surveys; constructed an evaluation framework integrating phenotype, molecular genetics, and genomics for local pig germplasm resources; developed a dynamic monitoring and stratified early warning platform for local pig genetic resources based on the combination of GIS and big data; and implemented in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, and genome preservation of multi-dimensional collaborative conservation model, promoted the transition of local pigs from endangered protection to prosperous utilization. These efforts aimed to advance local pig breeds from endangered protection toward prosperous utilization, thereby providing theoretical support and practical solutions for seed industry revitalization, biosecurity, and the rejuvenation of characteristic rural industries.

Key words: indigenous pig, genetic resources, emergency rescue census, breed conservation, industrialization